1. Likhopolo tsa motheo le melao-motheo ea theknoloji ea multiplex endoscopes
Multiplexed endoscope ke sesebelisoa sa bongaka se ka sebelisoang hape se kenang 'meleng oa motho ka lesoba la tlhaho la' mele oa motho kapa sehokelo se senyane ho opereishene e hlaselang hanyane ho thusa lingaka ho hlahloba mafu kapa ho thusa ho buoa. Sistimi ea endoscope ea bongaka e na le likarolo tse tharo tsa mantlha: 'mele oa endoscope, mojule oa ts'ebetso ea litšoantšo le mojule oa mohloli oa leseli. 'Mele oa endoscope o boetse o na le likarolo tsa bohlokoa tse kang lilense tsa litšoantšo, li-sensors tsa setšoantšo (CCD kapa CMOS), li-circuits tsa ho fumana le ho sebetsa. Ho latela pono ea meloko ea thekenoloji, li-endoscope tse ngata-ngata li fetohile ho tloha ho li-endoscope tse thata ho ea ho li-endoscope tsa fiber ho ea ho li-endoscope tsa elektroniki. Li-endoscope tsa fiber li etsoa ho sebelisoa molao-motheo oa optical fiber conduction. Li entsoe ka likhoele tse mashome a likete tse hlophisitsoeng ka tlhophiso tsa fiber ea khalase hore li etse lebone le phatsimang, 'me setšoantšo se fetisoa ntle le ho sothoa ka ho phetoa khafetsa. Li-endoscope tsa sejoale-joale tsa elektroniki li sebelisa li-sensor tsa litšoantšo tse nyane le theknoloji ea ts'ebetso ea matšoao a dijithale ho ntlafatsa haholo boleng ba litšoantšo le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo.
2. Boemo ba 'maraka ba li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape
| Sehlopha sa Dimension | Type | MarekaSmutlanyana | Ela hloko |
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Sebopeho sa Sehlahisoa" | Endoscopy e thata | 1. Boholo ba 'maraka oa lefats'e ke US$7.2 billion.2. Fluorescence hard endoscope ke karolo e ntseng e hola ka potlako, butle-butle e nkela sebaka sa khanya e tšoeu ea setso endoscope. | 1. Libaka tsa kopo: ho buuoa ka kakaretso, urology, opereishene ea sefuba le mafu a basali.2. Baetsi ba ka sehloohong: Karl Storz, Mindray, Olympus, etc. |
| Endoscopy e bonolo | 1. Boholo ba 'maraka oa lefats'e ke li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 33.08. 2. Olympus e etsa karolo ea 60% (sebaka sa endoscope se feto-fetohang). | 1. Li-endoscopes tsa mala li etsa karolo ea 70% ea 'maraka oa endoscope o feto-fetohang 2. Baetsi ba ka sehloohong: Olympus, Fuji, sonoscape, Aohua, joalo-joalo. | |
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Molao-motheo oa ho Etsa Litšoantšo | Endoscope ea mahlo | 1. Boholo ba 'maraka oa lefats'e oa li-endoscope tsa mohloli oa leseli o batang ke li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 8.67. 2.0 Kabelo ea 'maraka ea Lympus e feta 25%. | 1. E itšetlehile ka molao-motheo oa litšoantšo tsa geometric optical imaging 2. E na le tsamaiso ea lense ea sepheo, tsamaiso ea optical transmission / relay, joalo-joalo. |
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| Endoscope ea elektronike | Thekiso ea lefats'e ea li-bronchoscopes tsa elektronike tsa tlhaloso e phahameng e fihlile ho US $ 810 milione. | 1. E itšetlehile ka phetoho ea tlhahisoleseding ea photoelectric le mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le litšoantšo 2. Ho kenyelletsa le tsamaiso ea sepheo sa lense, setšoantšo sa setšoantšo sa photoelectric sensor, joalo-joalo. |
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Kopo ea Clinical | Endoscopy ea tšilo ea lijo | E nka 80% ea 'maraka oa lilense tse bonolo, tseo Olympus e etsang karolo ea 46.16%.. | Letšoao la lapengsonoscape Bongaka bo feta Fuji ka karolo ea 'maraka ea lipetlele tsa bobeli. |
| Endoscopy ea ho hema | Olympus e etsa 49.56% ea kakaretso ea karolo ea 'maraka ea li-endoscopes tsa tšilo ea lijo.. | Phetoho ea lehae e ntse e potlakisa, 'me Aohua Endoscopy e holile haholo. | |
| Laparoscopy / Arthroscopy | Thoracoscopy le tlaleho ea laparoscopy bakeng sa 28.31% ea 'maraka oa endoscopy oa Chaena. | 1. Kabelo ea theknoloji ea 4K3D e eketsehile ka 7.43%. 2. Mindray Medical e behiloe pele lipetleleng tse mahareng. |
1)Mmaraka oa lefats'e: Olympus e laola 'maraka bakeng sa lilense tse bonolo (60%), ha 'maraka oa lilense tse thata o ntse o hōla ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng (US $ 7.2 limilione tse likete). Theknoloji ea fluorescent le 4K3D e fetoha tataiso ea mekhoa e mecha.
2)Mmaraka oa China: Phapang ea libaka: Guangdong e na le theko e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, liprofinse tse lebopong la leoatle li busoa ke lihlahisoa tse tsoang kantle ho naha, 'me ho nkela sebaka sa lehae ho ntse ho eketseha ka sekhahla libakeng tse bohareng le tse bophirima.Katleho ea lehae:Sekhahla sa sebaka sa lilense tse thata ke 51%, 'me menyetla ea ho bula lense e bonolo / Australia le Chaena li etsa 21% ka kakaretso. Maano a khothalletsa phalliso ea maemo a holimo.Sepetlele stratification: Lipetlele tsa thuto e phahameng li khetha lisebelisoa tse tsoang kantle ho naha (karolo ea 65%), 'me lipetlele tsa bobeli li fetohile katleho ea lihlahisoa tsa malapeng.
3.Melemo le mathata a li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape
| Melemo | Lipontšo tse khethehileng | Tšehetso ea data |
| Ts'ebetso e ikhethang ea moruo | Sesebelisoa se le seng se ka sebelisoa hape makhetlo a 50-100, ka litšenyehelo tsa nako e telele tse tlase haholo ho feta li-endoscopes tse lahliloeng (litšenyehelo tsa tšebeliso e le 'ngoe ke 1/10 feela). | Nka mohlala oa gastroenteroscopy: theko ea theko ea endoscope e ka sebelisoang hape ke RMB 150,000-300,000 (e ka sebelisoang ka lilemo tse 3-5), 'me theko ea endoscope e lahliloeng ke RMB 2,000-5,000. |
| Khōlo e phahameng ea tekheniki | Theknoloji e kang litšoantšo tsa 4K le tlhahlobo ea thuso ea AI li khethoa bakeng sa multiplexing, ka ho hlaka ha setšoantšo ka 30% -50% e phahameng ho feta ea tšebeliso ea nako e le 'ngoe. | Ka 2024, sekhahla sa ho kenella ha 4K ho li-multiplex endoscopes tsa lefatše ka bophara se tla fihla ho 45%, 'me sekhahla sa mesebetsi e thusoang ke AI se tla feta 25%. |
| E matla ho ikamahanya le maemo kliniki | 'Mele oa seipone o entsoe ka thepa e tšoarellang (tšepe + polymer ea bongaka) mme e ka fetoloa ho ea ka boholo bo fapaneng ba bakuli (joalo ka liipone tse tšesaane haholo tsa bana le liipone tse tloaelehileng tsa batho ba baholo). | Sekhahla sa ho tšoaneleha ha li-endoscope tse thata ho opereishene ea masapo ke 90%, 'me sekhahla sa katleho ea li-endoscope tse feto-fetohang ho gastroenterology e feta 95%. |
| Pholisi le botsitso ba ketane ea phepelo | Lihlahisoa tse ka sebelisoang hape ke tsona tse atileng lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me ketane ea phepelo e se e holile (Olympus,sonoscape le lik'hamphani tse ling li na le nako ea ho boloka chelete e ka tlase ho khoeli e le 'ngoe). | Lisebelisoa tse ka sebelisoang hape li ikarabella ho feta 90% ea theko lipetleleng tsa thuto e phahameng ea China, 'me maano ha a thibele tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse ka sebelisoang hape.. |
| Phephetso | Mathata a khethehileng | Tšehetso ea data |
| Likotsi tsa ho hloekisa le ho bolaea likokoana-hloko | Ho sebelisoa hape ho hloka ho thibela likokoana-hloko ka thata (ho tlameha ho lumellana le litekanyetso tsa AAMI ST91), 'me ts'ebetso e sa lokelang e ka lebisa tšoaetsong ea tšoaetso (sekhahla sa 0.03%).. | Ka 2024, US FDA e ile ea hopola li-endoscope tse 3 tse ka sebelisoang hape ka lebaka la tšoaetso ea baktheria e bakoang ke ho hloekisa masala. |
| Litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa tlhokomelo | Tlhokomelo ea litsebi (lisebelisoa tsa ho hloekisa + mosebetsi) lia hlokahala ka mor'a ts'ebeliso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, 'me karolelano ea litšenyehelo tsa selemo le selemo ea tlhokomelo e nka 15% -20% ea theko ea theko.. | Ka karolelano litšenyehelo tsa selemo le selemo tsa tlhokomelo ea endoscope e tenyetsehang ke li-yuan tse 20,000-50,000, tse holimo ka 100% ho feta tsa endoscope e lahloang (ha ho tlhokomelo). |
| Khatello ea phetetso ea theknoloji | Theknoloji ea endoscope e lahloang e ea sebetsa (mohlala, litšenyehelo tsa module ea 4K li theoha ka 40%), 'maraka oa maemo a tlase o sebelisoa hape.. | Ka 2024, sekhahla sa kholo ea 'maraka oa China oa endoscope se tla fihla ho 60%,' me lipetlele tse ling tsa mantlha li tla qala ho reka li-endoscope tse lahliloeng ho nka sebaka sa li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape tsa maemo a tlase. |
| Melao e thata | EU MDR le US FDA li phahamisa litekanyetso tsa ho sebetsa hape bakeng sa li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape, ho eketsa litšenyehelo tsa ho latela melao bakeng sa lik'hamphani (litšenyehelo tsa liteko li eketsehile ka 20%).. | Ka 2024, sekhahla sa ho khutla sa li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape tse romelloang kantle ho naha ho tsoa China ka lebaka la litaba tsa ho latela melao e tla fihla ho 3.5% (ke 1.2% feela ka 2023). |
4.Maemo a Maraka le Baetsi ba Ka sehloohong
Mmaraka oa hajoale oa endoscope oa lefats'e o hlahisa litšobotsi tse latelang:
Sebopeho sa 'maraka:
Li-brand tsa kantle ho naha li atile: Linatla tsa machaba tse kang KARL STORZ le Olympus li ntse li nka karolo e kholo ea 'maraka. Ho nka mohlala oa li-hysteroscopes, maemo a mararo a holimo ka ho fetisisa a thekiso ka 2024 ke lihlahisoa tsa kantle ho naha, tse etsang kakaretso ea 53.05%.
Keketseho ea lihlahisoa tsa lapeng: Ho latela lintlha tsa Zhongcheng Digital Technology, karolo ea mmaraka ea li-endoscope tsa lapeng e eketsehile ho tloha ka tlase ho 10% ka 2019 ho isa ho 26% ka 2022, ka sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo se fetang 60%. Likhamphani tse emetseng li kenyelletsa Mindray,sonoscape, Aohua, joalo-joalo.
Tsepamiso ea tlholisano ea tekheniki:
Theknoloji ea ho nahana: qeto ea 4K, sensor ea CMOS e nkelang CCD, botebo ba EDOF ba theknoloji ea ho atolosa tšimo, joalo-joalo.
Moralo oa Modular: Moralo oa probe o ka nkeloang sebaka o eketsa bophelo ba ts'ebeletso ea likarolo tsa mantlha.
Ho hloekisa ka bohlale: Sistimi e ncha ea ho hloekisa e kopanyang temoho ea pono ea AI le karolo e matla ea li-agent tse hloekisang li-enzyme tse ngata.
| Boemo
| Brand | Kabelo ea 'Maraka ea China | Libaka tse kholo tsa Khoebo | Melemo ea theknoloji le ts'ebetso ea 'maraka |
| 1 | Olympus | 46.16% | Li-endoscopes tse feto-fetohang (70% ho gastroenterology), endoscopy, le litsamaiso tsa tlhahlobo tse thusoang ke AI.. | Theknoloji ea litšoantšo ea 4K e na le karolo ea 'maraka ea lefats'e e fetang 60%, lipetlele tsa thuto e phahameng tsa Chaena li nka karolo ea 46.16% ea theko,' me feme ea Suzhou e fihletse tlhahiso ea lehae.. |
| 2 | Fujifilm | 19.03% | Flexible endoscope (theknoloji ea ho nka litšoantšo ka laser e putsoa), endoscope ea phefumoloho e tšesaane haholo (4-5mm). | Mmaraka oa bobeli o moholo oa lilense tse bonolo lefatšeng, karolo ea 'maraka oa sepetlele sa China e ile ea fetisoa ke sonoscape Medical,' me lekeno ka 2024 le tla theoha ka 3.2% selemo le selemo.. |
| 3 | Karl Storz | 12.5% | Endoscope e thata (laparoscopy e etsa 45%), theknoloji ea 3D fluorescence, exoscope. | Mmaraka o thata oa endoscope o maemong a pele lefatšeng. Lihlahisoa tse hlahisoang ka har'a naha tsa setsi sa tlhahiso sa Shanghai li amohetsoe. Litheko tse ncha tsa 3D fluorescent laparoscopes li etsa karolo ea 45%. |
| 4 | Sonoscape bongaka | 14.94% | Flexible endoscope (ultrasound endoscope), AI polyp sisteme ea ho lemoha, sistimi e thata ea endoscope. | Khamphani e maemong a bone 'marakeng oa lilense tse bonolo tsa China,' me lipetlele tsa thuto e phahameng li nka 30% ea theko ea lihlahisoa tsa 4K + AI, 'me lekhetho le eketseha ka 23.7% selemo le selemo ka 2024.. |
| 5 | HOYA（Pentax Medical） | 5.17% | Endoscope e feto-fetohang (gastroenteroscopy), endoscope e thata (otolaryngology). | Ka mor'a ho fumanoa ke HOYA, phello ea ho kopanya e ne e lekanyelitsoe, 'me karolo ea eona ea' maraka Chaena e ile ea theoha ho tse leshome tse holimo. Lekeno la eona ka 2024 le theohile ka 11% selemo le selemo. |
| 6 | Endoscopy ea Aohua | 4.12% | Endoscopy e bonolo (gastroenterology), endoscopy e phahameng. | Karolo ea 'maraka ka kakaretso halofo ea pele ea 2024 ke 4.12% (endoscope e bonolo + endoscope e thata),' me phaello ea phaello ea li-endoscopes tse phahameng li tla eketseha ka 361%.. |
| 7 | Mindray Medical | 7.0% | Endoscope e thata (hysteroscope e etsa 12.57%), litharollo tsa sepetlele sa grassroots. | China e maemong a boraro 'marakeng o thata oa endoscope, o nang le lipetlele tsa setereke'kholo ea theko e fetang 30%, 'me kabelo ea lekeno la mose ho maoatle e nyolohela ho 38% ka 2024.. |
| 8 | Ngaka ea mahlo | 4.0% | Fluoroscope (Urology, Gynecology), benchmark e 'ngoe ea lapeng. | Kabelo ea 'maraka ea China ea lilense tse thata tsa fluorescent e feta 40%, thepa e romelloang kantle ho Asia Boroa-bochabela e eketsehile ka 35%, mme matsete a R&D a ikarabella ho 22%. |
| 9 | Stryker | 3.0% | Neurosurgery e thata endoscope, urology fluorescent navigation system, arthroscope. | Kabelo ea mmaraka ea li-neuroendoscopes e feta 30%, mme sekhahla sa kholo ea theko ea lipetlele tsa setereke tsa China ke 18%. Mmaraka o tlase o hatelloa ke Mindray Medical. |
| 10 | Mefuta e meng | 2.37% | Lihlahisoa tsa libaka (tse kang Rudolf, Toshiba Medical), likarolo tse khethehileng (tse kang liipone tsa ENT). |
5.Core technology tsoelo-pele
1)Narrow-band imaging (NBI): Litšoantšo tsa Narrow-band ke mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa optical digital o ntlafatsang haholo pono ea meaho ea bokaholimo ba mucosal le lipaterone tsa microvascular ka ts'ebeliso ea maqhubu a ikhethang a botala bo botala. Liphuputso tsa bongaka li bonts'itse hore NBI e ekelitse ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea kakaretso ea liso tsa ka mpeng ka karolo ea 11 lekholong (94% vs 83%). Ha ho hlahlojoa metaplasia ea mala, kutloisiso e eketsehile ho tloha ho 53% ho ea ho 87% (P <0.001). E fetohile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pele ea mofetše oa mala, e ka thusang ho khetholla maqeba a kotsi le a kotsi, biopsy e lebisitsoeng, le ho hlalosa likarolo tsa resection.
2)EDOF tekhenoloji e atolositsoeng ea thekenoloji ea tšimo: Theknoloji ea EDOF e entsoeng ke Olympus e finyella botebo bo atolositsoeng ba tšimo ka ho petsoha ha lebone la leseli: li-prism tse peli li sebelisetsoa ho arola leseli ka mahlaseli a mabeli, ho lebisa tlhokomelo litšoantšong tse haufi le tse hōle ka ho latellana, 'me qetellong li li kopanye ka setšoantšo se hlakileng le se bonolo se nang le botebo bo pharaletseng ba tšimo ho sensor. Ha ho shejoa mucosa ea mala, sebaka sohle sa leqeba se ka hlahisoa ka ho hlaka, se ntlafatsa haholo sekhahla sa ho lemoha leqeba.
3)Multimodal imaging system
EVIS X1™tsamaiso e kopanya mekhoa e mengata e tsoetseng pele ea litšoantšo: Theknoloji ea TXI: e ntlafatsa tekanyo ea ho lemoha adenoma (ADR) ka 13.6%; Theknoloji ea RDI: e ntlafatsa ponahalo ea methapo e tebileng ea mali le lintlha tse tsoang mali; Theknoloji ea NBI: e ntlafatsa tlhokomelo ea li-mucosal le methapo ea methapo; e fetola endoscopy ho tloha "sesebelisoa sa ho shebella" ho ea "sethaleng sa ho hlahloba se thusang".
6.Tikoloho ea Leano le boithuto ba indasteri
Melaoana ea bohlokoa e tla ama indasteri ea endoscopy ka 2024-2025 e kenyelletsa:
Leano la ntlafatso ea lisebelisoa: The March 2024 "Leano la Ts'ebetso bakeng sa ho Khothalletsa Lintlafatso tsa Lisebelisoa tse kholo le Phetoho ea Thepa ea Bareki" e khothaletsa litsi tsa bongaka ho potlakisa ntlafatso le phetoho ea lisebelisoa tsa litšoantšo tsa bongaka.
Phetisetso ea lehae: Leano la 2021 le hloka 100% ea theko ea lihlahisoa tsa lapeng bakeng sa laparoscope ea 3D, choledochoscopes, le intervertebral foramina.
Ntlafatso ea tumello: Li-endoscope tsa bongaka li lokisoa ho tloha ho Sehlopha sa III ho isa ho lisebelisoa tsa bongaka tsa Sehlopha sa II, 'me nako ea ho ngolisa e khutsufatsoa ho tloha ho lilemo tse fetang 3 ho isa ho lilemo tse 1-2.
Melaoana ena e khothalelitse haholo boiqapelo ba R&D le phihlello ea mebaraka ea li-endoscope tsa lehae, ho theha tikoloho e ntle ea nts'etsopele bakeng sa indasteri.
7. Mekhoa ea ntlafatso ea bokamoso le maikutlo a litsebi
1)Khokahano ea theknoloji le boqapi
"Theknoloji e kopanetsoeng ea likarolo tse peli": Laparoscope (sekoahelo se thata) le endoscope (sekoahelo se bonolo) li sebelisana ho buuoa ho rarolla mathata a rarahaneng a kliniki.
"Thuso ea bohlale ba maiketsetso": Li-algorithms tsa AI li thusa ho khetholla lesion le ho etsa liqeto tsa tlhahlobo.
Katleho ea mahlale a lintho tse bonahalang": Nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse ncha tse tšoarellang le tse bonolo ho li hloekisa.
2)Phapang ea 'maraka le nts'etsopele
Litsebi li lumela hore li-endoscope tse lahliloeng le li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape li tla phela nako e telele:
Lihlahisoa tse lahliloeng: tse loketseng maemo a ts'oaetso ea ts'oaetso (joalo ka tšohanyetso, mafu a bana) le litsi tsa mantlha tsa bongaka.
Lihlahisoa tse ka sebelisoang hape: boloka litšenyehelo le melemo ea tekheniki maemong a ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa lipetlele tse kholo.
Mole Medical Analysis e bontšitse hore bakeng sa litsi tse nang le karolelano ea tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea li-unit tse fetang 50, litšenyehelo tse felletseng tsa lisebelisoa tse ka sebelisoang hape li tlase.
3)Phetoho ea lehae e ntse e eketseha
Kabelo ea lehae e eketsehile ho tloha ho 10% ka 2020 ho ea ho 26% ka 2022, 'me ho lebeletsoe hore e tsoele pele ho eketseha. Mafapheng a fluorescence endoscopes le confocal microendoscopy, thekenoloji ea naha ea heso e se e tsoetse pele machabeng. Ka ho susumetsoa ke maano, ke "taba ea nako feela" ho tlatsa sebaka sa lehae.
4)Ho leka-lekana lipakeng tsa melemo ea tikoloho le moruo
Li-endoscopes tse ka sebelisoang hape ka mohopolo li ka fokotsa tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa ka 83%, empa bothata ba ho hloekisa metsi a litšila ka lik'hemik'hale ts'ebetsong ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko bo hloka ho rarolloa. Patlisiso le nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse senyehang habonolo ke tataiso ea bohlokoa nakong e tlang.
Tafole: Papiso lipakeng tsa li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape le tse ka lahloang
| Papiso Dimensions | E ka sebelisoa hape Endoscope | E lahliloeng Endoscope |
| Litšenyehelo ka tšebeliso | Tlase (Kamora ho aroloa) | Phahameng |
| Matsete a pele | Phahameng | Tlase |
| Boleng ba setšoantšo | e kgabane
| molemo |
| Kotsi ea tšoaetso | Hare (ho itshetlehile ka boleng ba disinfection) | Tlase haholo |
| Botsoalle ba tikoloho | Bohareng (ho hlahisa metsi a litšila a bolaeang likokoana-hloko) | E futsanehile (litšila tsa polasetiki) |
| Maemo a sebetsang | Tšebeliso ea khafetsa lipetlele tse kholo | Lipetlele tsa mathomo/mafapha a amehileng haholo ka tšoaetso |
Qetello: Nakong e tlang, theknoloji ea endoscopic e tla bonts'a mokhoa oa nts'etsopele oa "ho nepahala, ho hlasela hanyenyane, le bohlale", le li-endoscope tse ka sebelisoang hape e ntse e tla ba tsona tse tsamaisang tšebetso ena ea ho iphetola ha lintho.
We, Jiangxi Zhuoruihua Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., ke moetsi oa China ea sebetsanang le lisebelisoa tsa endoscopic, joalo kabiopsy forceps, hemoclips, polyp leraba,sclerotherapy nale, fafatsa catheter,borashe ba cytology, guidewire, seroto sa ho khutlisa lejoe, nasal biliary drainage catheter,sheath ea ho fihlella urerallesheath ea ho kena ureral ka ho monyaetc. tse sebelisoang haholo ho EMR, ESD, ERCP. Lihlahisoa tsa rona li netefalitsoe ke CE, 'me limela tsa rona li netefalitsoe ke ISO. Thepa ea rona e rometsoe Europe, Amerika Leboea, Bochabela bo Hare le karolo ea Asia, 'me e fumana ho pharaletseng moreki oa kananelo le thoriso!
Nako ea poso: Jul-25-2025