Endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo e fetohile ho tloha sesebelisoa se ikhethileng sa tlhahlobo ho ea ho tšiea ea bohlokoa ea mokhoa oa sejoale-joale oa bongaka ba liphoofolo, e nolofalletsang pono e nepahetseng le mekhoa e sa keneleng butle-butle mefuta ea liphoofolo. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, thuto ena e bile le phetoho e kholo ka ho kopana ha mahlale a mahlo, a mechini le a dijithale. Lintlafatso tsa morao tjena, ho kenyeletsoa litšoantšo tse nang le qeto e phahameng, mabone a narrowband, litsamaiso tse thusoang ke roboto, tlhahlobo e tsamaisoang ke bohlale ba maiketsetso (AI), le koetliso e thehiloeng 'neteng ea sebele (VR), li atolositse boholo ba endoscopy ho tloha lits'ebetsong tse bonolo tsa mala ho ea ho opereishene e rarahaneng ea sefuba le ea masapo. Lintlafatso tsena li ntlafalitse haholo ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo, ho nepahala ha opereishene, le liphello tsa kamora opereishene, ha ka nako e ts'oanang li tlatsetsa tsoelo-peleng ea boiketlo ba liphoofolo le katleho ea bongaka. Leha ho le joalo, endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo e ntse e tobane le liphephetso tse amanang le litšenyehelo, koetliso le phihlello, haholo-holo libakeng tse nang le mehloli e fokolang. Tlhahlobo ena e fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, lits'ebetso tsa bongaka, le mekhoa e hlahang ho endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo ho tloha ka 2000 ho isa ho 2025, e totobatsang boqapi ba bohlokoa, mefokolo, le litebello tsa bokamoso tse tla bopa moloko o latelang oa tlhahlobo ea bongaka ba liphoofolo le kalafo.
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo; laparoscopy; bohlale ba maiketsetso; opereishene ea roboto; mekhoa e sa hlaseleng haholo; ho nka litšoantšo tsa bongaka ba liphoofolo; 'nete ea sebele; boqapi ba tlhahlobo; opereishene ea liphoofolo; theknoloji ea endoscopic.
1. Selelekela
Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, bongaka ba liphoofolo bo fetotse tsela eo bo sebetsang ka eona, 'me endoscopy e fetoha lejoe la motheo la boqapi ba tlhahlobo le kalafo. Qalong e fetotsoe ho tsoa mekhoeng ea bongaka ea batho, endoscopy ea liphoofolo e fetohile ka potlako ho ba lekala le ikhethileng le kenyeletsang litšoantšo tsa tlhahlobo, lits'ebetso tsa machaba tsa ho buoa, le ts'ebeliso ea thuto. Nts'etsopele ea li-fiber optic tse tenyetsehang le litsamaiso tse thusoang ke video e nolofalitse lingaka tsa liphoofolo ho bona meaho ea ka hare ka kotsi e fokolang, e ntlafatsang haholo ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo le ho hlaphoheloa ha mokuli (Fransson, 2014). Litšebeliso tsa pele tsa endoscopy ea liphoofolo li ne li lekanyelitsoe lits'ebetsong tsa ho hlahloba mala le tsa moea, empa litsamaiso tsa sejoale-joale joale li tšehetsa mefuta e mengata ea mekhoa ea ho kenella, ho kenyeletsoa laparoscopy, arthroscopy, thoracoscopy, cystoscopy, esita le hysteroscopy le otoscopy (Radhakrishnan, 2016; Brandão & Chernov, 2020). Ho sa le joalo, ho kopanngoa ha litšoantšo tsa dijithale, ho sebetsana le liroboto, le ho lemoha mekhoa e thehiloeng ho AI ho phahamisa li-endoscope tsa liphoofolo ho tloha lisebelisoa tsa letsoho feela ho ea litsamaisong tsa tlhahlobo tse tsamaisoang ke data tse khonang ho hlalosa le ho fana ka maikutlo ka nako ea sebele (Gomes et al., 2025).
Tsoelo-pele ho tloha lisebelisoa tsa motheo tsa pono ho ea ho litsamaiso tsa dijithale tse nang le tlhaloso e phahameng li bontša khatiso e ntseng e hola ea opereishene ea liphoofolo e sa keneleng ka bongata (MIS). Ha e bapisoa le opereishene e bulehileng ea setso, MIS e fana ka bohloko bo fokotsehileng ba kamora opereishene, ho hlaphoheloa kapele, ho sehoa ho honyenyane, le mathata a fokolang (Liu & Huang, 2024). Ka hona, endoscopy e fihlela tlhoko e ntseng e hola ea tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo e shebaneng le boiketlo, e thehiloeng ho nepahalo, e sa faneng feela ka melemo ea bongaka empa hape e ntlafatsa moralo oa boitšoaro oa mokhoa oa bongaka ba liphoofolo (Yitbarek & Dagnaw, 2022). Lintlafatso tsa theknoloji, tse kang ho nka litšoantšo tse thehiloeng ho chip, khanya ea light-emitting diode (LED), pono ea mahlakore a mararo (3D), le liroboto tse nang le maikutlo a haptic, li hlalositse bocha bokhoni ba endoscopy ea sejoale-joale. Ho sa le joalo, li-simulator tsa 'nete ea sebele (VR) le tsa 'nete e eketsehileng (AR) li fetotse koetliso ea bongaka ba liphoofolo, li fana ka thuto e tebileng ea ts'ebetso ha li ntse li fokotsa ho itšetleha ka liteko tsa liphoofolo tse phelang (Aghapour & Bockstahler, 2022).
Ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele ena e kholo, lefapha lena le ntse le tobana le liphephetso. Litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa lisebelisoa, khaello ea litsebi tse nang le boiphihlelo, le phihlello e fokolang ea mananeo a koetliso a tsoetseng pele li thibela ho amoheloa ho pharaletseng, haholo-holo linaheng tse nang le chelete e tlase le e mahareng (Regea, 2018; Yitbarek & Dagnaw, 2022). Ho feta moo, kopanyo ea mahlale a macha, joalo ka tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo e tsamaisoang ke AI, endoscopy e hole, le boiketsetso ba roboto, e hlahisa liphephetso tsa taolo, boitšoaro le tšebelisano-'moho tse lokelang ho rarolloa ho fihlela bokhoni bo felletseng ba endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo (Tonutti et al., 2017). Tlhahlobo ena e fana ka motsoako oa bohlokoa oa tsoelo-pele, lits'ebetso tsa bongaka, meeli, le litebello tsa bokamoso tsa endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo. E sebelisa lingoliloeng tsa thuto tse netefalitsoeng ho tloha ka 2000 ho isa ho 2025 ho hlahloba phetoho ea theknoloji, tšusumetso ea eona ea bongaka e fetolang, le litlamorao tsa eona tsa nakong e tlang bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo le thuto.
2.Tsoelo-pele ea Endoscopy ea Liphoofolo
Tšimoloho ea endoscopy ea liphoofolo e itšetlehile ka mekhoa ea pele ea lisebelisoa tsa bongaka tsa batho. Bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, li-endoscope tse thata li ile tsa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele liphoofolong tse kholo, haholo-holo lipere, bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa ho hema le tsa mala, ho sa tsotellehe boholo ba tsona bo boholo le ponahalo e fokolang (Swarup & Dwivedi, 2000). Ho hlahisoa ha fiber optics hamorao ho ile ha nolofalletsa ho tsamaea ka mokhoa o tenyetsehang ka har'a likoti tsa 'mele, ho rala motheo oa endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo ea sejoale-joale. Ho hlaha ha endoscopy ea video lilemong tsa bo-1990 le mathoasong a bo-2000, ho sebelisoa lik'hamera tsa sesebelisoa se kopantsoeng ka tjhaja (CCD) ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa nako ea sebele, ho ntlafalitse haholo ho hlaka ha setšoantšo, ergonomics, le ho rekota nyeoe (Radhakrishnan, 2016). Phetoho ho tloha lits'ebetsong tsa analog ho ea ho tsa dijithale e ntlafalitse haholoanyane qeto ea setšoantšo le pono ea meaho ea mucosal le methapo ea mali. Fransson (2014) o hatisa hore laparoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo, e kileng ea nkoa e sa sebetse, joale e bohlokoa bakeng sa liopereishene tse tloaelehileng le tse rarahaneng tse kang biopsy ea sebete, adrenalectomy, le cholecystectomy (Yaghobian et al., 2024). Bongaka ba lipere, endoscopy e fetotse tlhahlobo ea ho hema ka ho lumella pono e tobileng ea liso (Brandão & Chernov, 2020). Nts'etsopele ea litsamaiso tsa tlhaloso e phahameng (HD) le 4K lilemong tsa bo-2010 tsa ho khetholla lisele tse hloekisitsoeng, ha narrow-band imaging (NBI) le fluorescence endoscopy li ntlafalitse ho lemoha mathata a mucosal le methapo ea mali (Gulati et al., hammoho le liroboto, litšoantšo tsa dijithale, le mahlale a waelese). Litsamaiso tse thusoang ke liroboto, tse kang Vik y endoscope stent e fetotsoeng ho tsoa opereisheneng ea batho, li ntlafalitse ho nepahala ha laparoscopy le thoracoscopy. Matsoho a roboto a manyane joale a lumella ho fetoloa mefuta e menyenyane le e sa tloaelehang. Capsule endoscopy, eo qalong e neng e etselitsoe batho, e nolofalletsa ho nka litšoantšo tsa mala tse sa hlaseleng liphoofolong tse nyane le liphoofolong tse buminant ntle le anesthesia (Rathee et al., 2024). Tsoelo-pele ea morao tjena khokahanong ea dijithale e fetotse endoscopy hore e be tikoloho e tsamaisoang ke data. Ho kopanngoa ha maru ho tshehetsa puisano e hole le tlhahlobo ya endoscopic e hole (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025), ha ditsamaiso tse thuswang ke AI jwale di ka kgona ho hlwaya diso le matshwao a sebopeho sa mmele ka boiketsetso (Gomes et al., 2025). Dintlafatso tsena di fetotse endoscopy ho tloha sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ho ya sethaleng se feto-fetohang bakeng sa tlhokomelo ya bongaka, dipatlisiso le thuto; ke ntho ya bohlokwa ho tswelopeleng ya meriana ya diphoofolo ya sejwalejwale e thehilweng bopaking (Setshwantsho sa 1).
Likarolo tsa lisebelisoa tsa endoscope tsa bongaka ba liphoofolo
Endoscope: Endoscope ke sesebelisoa sa mantlha ts'ebetsong efe kapa efe ea endoscopic, e etselitsoeng ho fana ka pono e hlakileng le e nepahetseng ea sebopeho sa ka hare. E na le likarolo tse tharo tsa bohlokoa: tube ea ho kenya, mohele, le thapo ea mokhubu (Setšoantšo sa 2-4).
- Tube ea ho kenya: E na le mokhoa oa phetisetso ea setšoantšo: sephutheloana sa fiber optic (endoscope ea fiber) kapa chip ea sesebelisoa se kopantsoeng ka tjhaja (CCD) (endoscope ea video). Mokero oa biopsy/aspiration, mokero oa ho flush/inflation, thapo ea taolo ea ho fapoha.
- Mohele: O kenyeletsa konopo ya taolo ya ho fapoha, ho kenya kanale e thusang, ho ntsha/ho inflea ha diphaephe, le valve ya ho hema.
- Cable ea mothapo oa mothapo: E ikarabella bakeng sa phetiso ea leseli.
Li-endoscope tse sebelisoang meriana ea liphoofolo li na le mefuta e 'meli e meholo: e thata le e tenyetsehang.
1. Li-Endoscope tse Tiileng: Li-endoscope tse tiileng, kapa libonela-hōle, li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho hlahloba meaho e seng ea tubular, joalo ka likoti tsa 'mele le libaka tsa manonyeletso. Li na le tube e otlolohileng, e sa tenyetseheng e nang le lilense tsa khalase le liboka tsa fiber optic tse tataisang leseli sebakeng seo ho shebiloeng ho sona. Li-endoscope tse tiileng li loketse hantle mekhoa e hlokang phihlello e tsitsitseng, e tobileng, ho kenyeletsoa arthroscopy, laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, rhinoscopy, cystoscopy, hysteroscopy, le otoscopy. Bophara ba teleskopu hangata bo tloha ho 1.2 mm ho isa ho 10 mm, ka bolelele ba 10-35 cm; endoscope ea 5-mm e lekane bakeng sa linyeoe tse ngata tsa laparoscopic tsa liphoofolo tse nyane 'me ke sesebelisoa se feto-fetohang bakeng sa urethroscopy, cystoscopy, rhinoscopy, le otoscopy, le hoja li-sheath tse sireletsang li khothaletsoa bakeng sa mehlala e menyenyane. Likhutlo tse tsitsitseng tsa ho shebella tsa 0°, 30°, 70°, kapa 90° li nolofalletsa pono ea sepheo; endoscope ea 0° ke eona e bonolo ho e sebelisa empa e fana ka pono e moqotetsane ho feta mohlala oa 25°–30°. Litheleskoupo tsa 30-cm, 5-mm li molemo haholo bakeng sa liopereishene tse nyane tsa laparoscopic le tsa sefuba. Ho sa tsotellehe ho tenyetseha ha tsona ho fokolang, li-endoscope tse tiileng li fana ka litšoantšo tse tsitsitseng, tsa boleng bo holimo, tse bohlokoa haholo libakeng tsa opereishene tse nang le lintlha tse nepahetseng (Miller, 2019; Pavletic & Riehl, 2018). Li boetse li fana ka phihlello ea ho shebella tlhahlobo le mekhoa e bonolo ea biopsy (Van Lue et al., 2009).
2. Li-Endoscope tse Tenyetsehang:Li-endoscope tse tenyetsehang li sebelisoa haholo bongaka ba liphoofolo ka lebaka la ho ikamahanya le maemo le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho tsamaea ka har'a li-curve tsa anatomic. Li na le tube e tenyetsehang e kenyeletsang e nang le sehlopha sa fiber optics kapa khamera e nyane, e loketseng ho hlahloba tsela ea mala, tsela ea ho hema le tsela ea ho ntša metsi (Boulos & Dujardin, 2020; Wylie & Fielding, 2020) [3, 32]. Bophara ba tube ea ho kenya bo tloha ka tlase ho 1 mm ho isa ho 14 mm, 'me bolelele bo tloha ho 55 ho isa ho 170 cm. Li-endoscope tse telele (>125 cm) li sebelisoa bakeng sa duodenoscopy le colonoscopy lintjeng tse kholo.
Li-endoscope tse tenyetsehang li kenyelletsa li-endoscope tsa fiber optic le li-endoscope tsa video, tse fapaneng ka mekhoa ea tsona ea phetisetso ea litšoantšo. Lisebelisoa li kenyelletsa bronchoscopy, endoscopy ea mala, le tlhahlobo ea moroto. Li-endoscope tsa fiber optic li fetisetsa litšoantšo ho eyepiece ka sehlopha sa likhoele tsa optical, hangata li hlomelloa ka khamera ea CCD bakeng sa pontšo le ho rekota. Li theko e tlase ebile lia nkeha, empa li hlahisa litšoantšo tse nang le qeto e tlase 'me li kotsing ea ho robeha ha fiber. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-endoscope tsa video li hapa litšoantšo ka chip ea CCD ntlheng e ka thoko 'me li li fetisetsa ka elektroniki, li fana ka boleng bo holimo ba setšoantšo ka litšenyehelo tse phahameng. Ho ba sieo ha sephutheloana sa fiber ho felisa matheba a matšo a bakoang ke tšenyo ea fiber, ho netefatsa litšoantšo tse hlakileng haholoanyane. Litsamaiso tsa khamera tsa sejoale-joale li hapa litšoantšo tse nang le qeto e phahameng, tsa nako ea sebele ho monitor ea kantle. Tlhaloso e phahameng (1080p) ke ea maemo a tloaelehileng, ka lik'hamera tsa 4K tse fanang ka ho nepahala ho ntlafalitsoeng ha tlhahlobo (Barton & Rew, 2021; Raspanti & Perrone, 2021). Lik'hamera tsa CCD tsa li-chip tse tharo li fana ka 'mala le lintlha tse betere ho feta litsamaiso tsa li-chip tse le 'ngoe, ha sebopeho sa video sa RGB se fana ka boleng bo holimo. Mohloli oa leseli o bohlokoa bakeng sa pono ea ka hare; Mabone a xenon (100-300 watts) a khanya ebile a hlakile ho feta mabone a halogen. Mehloli ea mabone a LED e ntse e sebelisoa ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea ona e pholileng, nako e telele ea bophelo, le khanya e tsitsitseng (Kaushik & Narula, 2018; Schwarz & McLeod, 2020). Ho holisa le ho hlaka ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola meaho e metle lits'ebetsong tse thata le tse tenyetsehang (Miller, 2019; Thiemann & Neuhaus, 2019). Lisebelisoa tse kang biopsy forceps, lisebelisoa tsa electrocautery, le libaskete tsa ho fumana majoe li lumella mekhoa ea ho hlahloba le ho phekola ka mokhoa o le mong o sa keneleng metsi haholo (Wylie & Fielding, 2020; Barton & Rew, 2021). Li-monitor li bonts'a litšoantšo tsa nako ea sebele, li tšehetsa pono e nepahetseng le ho rekota. Lifilimi tse rekotiloeng li thusa ho hlahloba, ho koetlisa le ho hlahloba nyeoe (Kaushik & Narula, 2018; Pavletic & Riehl, 2018) [18, 19]. Sistimi ea ho ntša metsi e ntlafatsa ponahalo ka ho tlosa lithōle lenseng, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa haholo ho endoscopy ea mala (Raspanti & Perrone, 2021; Schwarz & McLeod, 2020).
Mekhoa le Mekhoa ea Endoscopy ea Liphoofolo
Endoscopy bongaka ba diphoofolo e sebeletsa merero ya tlhahlobo le kalafo mme e se e le karolo ya bohlokwa ya mokgwa wa sejwalejwale o sa keneleng metsi haholo. Mosebetsi wa mantlha wa endoscopy ya tlhahlobo ke ho bona ka ho toba dibopeho tsa ka hare, ho nolofalletsa ho tsebahatsa diphetoho tsa pathological tse ka nnang tsa se bonahale ka mekgwa ya ho nka ditshwantsho tse tlwaelehileng jwalo ka radiography. E bohlokwa haholo ho lekoleng mafu a mala, mafu a ho hema, le dikotsi tsa moroto, moo tlhahlobo ya nako ya sebele ya bokahodimo ba mucosal le dibopeho tsa luminal e dumellang ho fumana di-diagnostic tse nepahetseng haholoanyane (Miller, 2019).
Ka ntle ho tlhahlobo, endoscopy ea kalafo e fana ka mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso tsa bongaka. Tsena li kenyelletsa ho fana ka meriana sebakeng se itseng, ho beha li-implant tsa bongaka, ho atolosoa ha meaho ea li-tube tse patisaneng kapa tse koetsoeng, le ho ntšoa ha 'mele kapa majoe a tsoang linaheng tse ling ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tse fetisitsoeng ka endoscope (Samuel et al., 2023). Mekhoa ea endoscopic e nolofalletsa lingaka tsa liphoofolo ho laola maemo a 'maloa ntle le tlhoko ea opereishene e bulehileng. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea kalafo e kenyelletsa ho tlosoa ha 'mele o tsoang linaheng tse ling o kenngoeng kapa o hemang ho tsoa liphatseng tsa mala le tsa ho hema, ho ntšoa ha majoe a senya, le mekhoa e reretsoeng ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tse fetisitsoeng ka endoscope. Li-biopsies tsa endoscopic le ho nka sampole ea lisele li emela tse ling tsa mekhoa e etsoang khafetsa ts'ebetsong ea bongaka ba liphoofolo. Bokhoni ba ho fumana lisampole tse emelang lisele tsa setho se amehileng tlas'a pono e tobileng bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahloba lihlahala, ho ruruha le mafu a tšoaetsanoang, ka hona ho tataisa maano a kalafo a nepahetseng (Raspanti & Perrone, 2021).
Mokhoeng oa liphoofolo tse nyane, ho tlosoa ha 'mele o tsoang linaheng tse ling e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea matšoao a tloaelehileng a endoscopy, e fanang ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng le o sa hlaseleng haholo ho feta opereishene ea ho hlahloba. Ho feta moo, endoscopy e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho thuseng mekhoa ea opereishene e sa keneleng haholo joalo ka laparoscopic oophorectomy le cystectomy. Mekhoa ena e thusoang ke endoscopic, ha e bapisoa le mekhoa ea setso ea opereishene e bulehileng, e amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha kotsi ea lisele, linako tse khutšoanyane tsa ho hlaphoheloa, bohloko bo fokolang ba kamora opereishene, le liphello tse ntlafetseng tsa botle (Kaushik & Narula, 2018). Ka kakaretso, mekhoa ena e totobatsa karolo e ntseng e hola ea endoscopy ea liphoofolo e le sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo le kalafo meriana ea bongaka ea mehleng ena. Li-endoscope tse sebelisoang mokhoeng oa bongaka ba liphoofolo le tsona li ka aroloa ka lihlopha ho latela ts'ebeliso ea tsona e reriloeng. Tafole ea 1 e hlalosa li-endoscope tse sebelisoang haholo.
3. Boqapi ba Theknoloji le Tsoelo-pele ho Endoscopy ea Liphoofolo
Boqapi ba theknoloji ke matla a susumetsang phetoho ea endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo ho tloha ho ntho e ncha ea tlhahlobo ho ea sethaleng sa mefuta e mengata bakeng sa bongaka bo nepahetseng. Nako ea sejoale-joale ea tlhahlobo ea endoscopy ts'ebetsong ea bongaka ba liphoofolo e khetholloa ka ho kopana ha optics, robotics, digital imaging, le bohlale ba maiketsetso, e ikemiselitseng ho ntlafatsa pono, ts'ebetso, le tlhaloso ea tlhahlobo. Liphetoho tsena li ntlafalitse haholo polokeho ea ts'ebetso, li fokolitse ho kenella ha opereishene, 'me li atolositse lits'ebetso tsa kliniki bakeng sa liphoofolo tse tsamaeang le tsona, liphoofolo tsa polasing le mefuta ea liphoofolo tse hlaha (Tonutti et al., 2017). Ho theosa le lilemo, endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo e ruile molemo tsoelo-peleng ea theknoloji e ntlafalitseng boleng ba litšoantšo le katleho ea ts'ebetso ka kakaretso.
3.1Mekhoa e Mecha ea ho Itlhahisa ka Mahlo le Litšoantšo:Bohare ba sistimi efe kapa efe ya endoscopic bo na le bokgoni ba yona ba ho nka ditshwantsho. Di-endoscope tsa pele di ne di sebedisa di-fiber optic bundles bakeng sa phetiso ya lesedi, empa qeto ena e fokolang ya setshwantsho le botshepehi ba mmala. Ntshetsopele ya disebediswa tse kopantsweng ka tjhaja (CCDs) le di-sensor tse tlatsanang tsa metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) di fetotse ditshwantsho ka ho nolofalletsa phetoho e tobileng ya dijithale ntlheng ya endoscope, ho ntlafatsa qeto ya sebaka le ho fokotsa lerata (Radhakrishnan, 2016). Ditsamaiso tsa qeto ya High-definition (HD) le 4K di ntlafaditse dintlha le phapang ya mmala mme jwale di tlwaelehile ditsing tse tswetseng pele tsa bongaka ba diphoofolo bakeng sa pono e nepahetseng ya meaho e menyenyane jwalo ka bronchi, ducts ya bile, le ditho tsa urogenital. Setšoantšo sa Narrow-band (NBI), se fetotsweng ho tswa merianeng ya batho, se sebedisa ho sefa ha mahlo ho totobatsa dipaterone tsa mucosal le methapo ya madi, ho thusa ho lemoha pele ho ruruha le ho thehwa ha hlahala (Gulati et al., 2020).
Endoscopy e thehiloeng ho fluorescence, e sebelisang khanya e haufi le infrared kapa ultraviolet, e lumella ho bona ka nako ea sebele lisele tse ngotsoeng le phallo ea mali. Ho oncology ea liphoofolo le hepatology, e ntlafatsa ho nepahala ha ho fumanoa ha moedi oa hlahala le biopsy. Yaghobian et al. (2024) ba fumane hore fluorescence endoscopy e bonesitse ka katleho tsamaiso ea methapo ea mali ea sebete nakong ea opereishene ea sebete ea laparoscopic ea lintja. Endoscopy ea 3D le stereoscopic e eketsa kutloisiso ea botebo, ea bohlokoa bakeng sa anatomy e ntle, 'me litsamaiso tsa sejoale-joale tse bobebe li fokotsa mokhathala oa opereishene (Fransson, 2014; Iber et al., 2025). Mahlale a khanya le 'ona a fetohile ho tloha ho halogen ho ea ho litsamaiso tsa xenon le LED. Li-LED li fana ka khanya e phahameng, ho tšoarella, le tlhahiso e fokolang ea mocheso, li fokotsa ho sithabela ha lisele nakong ea lits'ebetso tse telele. Ha li kopantsoe le li-filter tsa optical le taolo ea ho fumana ea dijithale, litsamaiso tsena li fana ka khanya e tsitsitseng le pono e phahameng bakeng sa endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo e nepahetseng haholo (Tonutti et al., 2017).
3.2Kopanyo ea Liroboto le Mechatronics:Ho kopanngoa ha liroboto ho endoscopy ea liphoofolo ho ntlafatsa haholo ho nepahala ha opereishene le katleho ea ergonomic. Litsamaiso tse thusoang ke liroboto li fana ka ho tenyetseha ho hoholo le taolo ea motsamao, ho nolofalletsa ho tsamaisoa ka nepo ka har'a libaka tse koetsoeng tsa anatomiki ha ka nako e ts'oanang ho fokotsa ho thothomela le mokhathala oa opereishene. Litsamaiso tsa batho tse fetotsoeng, joalo ka da Vinci Surgical System le EndoAssist, le li-prototype tsa liphoofolo tse kang Viky robotic arm le telemanipulators, li ntlafalitse ho nepahala ha ho sutura le ho tlama mafito ka laparoscopic (Liu & Huang, 2024). Ho sebetsa ha roboto ho boetse ho tšehetsa opereishene ea laparoscopic e nang le koung e le 'ngoe, e lumellang ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tse ngata ka ho seha ho le leng ho fokotsa kotsi ea lisele le ho potlakisa ho hlaphoheloa. Litsamaiso tse ntseng li hlaha tsa microrobotic tse nang le lik'hamera le li-sensor li fana ka ho tsamaea ka boikemelo ha endoscopic liphoofolong tse nyane, ho atolosa phihlello ea litho tsa ka hare tse ke keng tsa fihlelleha ka li-endoscope tse tloaelehileng (Kaffas et al., 2024). Ho kopanngoa le bohlale ba maiketsetso ho nolofalletsa li-platform tsa roboto ho lemoha matšoao a anatomiki, ho fetola motsamao ka boikemelo, le ho thusa lits'ebetsong tse ikemetseng tlas'a tlhokomelo ea bongaka ba liphoofolo (Gomes et al., 2025).
3.3Bohlale ba Maiketsetso le Endoscopy ea Lik'homphieutha:Bohlale ba maiketsetso bo fetohile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo, ho iketsetsa mesebetsi, le ho toloka litlhahlobo tsa endoscopic. Mehlala ea pono ea khomphutha e tsamaisoang ke AI, haholo-holo marang-rang a methapo ea kutlo (CNNs), e ntse e koetlisetsoa ho khetholla mafu a kang liso, li-polyps le lihlahala litšoantšong tsa endoscopic ka ho nepahala ho tšoanang le kapa ho feta ha litsebi tsa batho (Gomes et al., 2025). Bongaka ba liphoofolo, mehlala ea AI e etselitsoe ho ikarabella bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea anatomiki le histological, e tšoaeang mehla e mecha litšoantšong tsa bongaka ba liphoofolo tse ngata. Tšebeliso e 'ngoe e ikhethang e kenyelletsa ho lemoha le ho arola lisele ka nako ea sebele nakong ea endoscopy ea mala. Mekhoa ea ho etsa lintho e sekaseka melapo ea video ho totobatsa libaka tse sa tloaelehang, ho thusa lingaka ho etsa liqeto tse potlakileng le tse tsitsitseng haholoanyane (Prasad et al., 2021).
Ka ho tšoanang, lisebelisoa tsa ho ithuta ka mochini li sebelisitsoe ho litšoantšo tsa bronchoscopic ho khetholla ho ruruha ha moea pele ho lintja le likatse (Brandão & Chernov, 2020). AI e boetse e thusa ho rala mekhoa le tlhahlobo ea kamora opereishene. Lintlha tse tsoang liopereisheneng tse fetileng li ka kopanngoa ho bolela esale pele lintlha tse ntle tsa ho kena, tsela eo lisebelisoa li tsamaeang ka eona, le likotsi tsa mathata. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea ho bolela esale pele e ka lekola liphetho tsa kamora opereishene le menyetla ea mathata, e tataisa liqeto tsa bongaka (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025). Ntle le tlhahlobo, AI e tšehetsa ntlafatso ea mosebetsi, ho nolofatsa litokomane tsa linyeoe le thuto ka tlhaloso e iketsahalletseng, tlhahiso ea litlaleho, le ho tšoaea metadata ea livideo tse rekotiloeng. Ho kopanngoa ha AI le li-platform tsa endoscopy tse hole tse thehiloeng marung ho ntlafatsa phihlello ea lipuisano tsa litsebi, ho nolofalletsa tlhahlobo ea tšebelisano-'moho esita le libakeng tse hole.
3.4Mekhoa ea Koetliso ea 'Nete ea Virtual le e Eketsehileng:Thuto le koetliso ho endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo li bile le liphephetso tse kholo historing ka lebaka la mokoloko o motenya oa ho ithuta o amanang le ho tsamaea ka khamera le ho hokahanya lisebelisoa. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlaha ha li-simulator tsa 'nete ea sebele (VR) le tsa 'nete e eketsehileng (AR) ho fetotse mokhoa oa ho ruta, ho fana ka libaka tse qoelisang tse etsisang mekhoa ea bophelo ba sebele (Aghapour & Bockstahler, 2022). Litsamaiso tsena li etsisa karabelo ea ho ama (ho ama), khanyetso le ho sotha ha pono ho kopaneng nakong ea ho kenella ha endoscopic. Finocchiaro et al. (2021) ba bontšitse hore li-simulator tsa endoscopy tse thehiloeng ho VR li ntlafatsa ho hokahanya ha letsoho le leihlo, li fokotsa moroalo oa kelello, 'me li khutsufatsa nako e hlokahalang ho fihlela bokhoni ba ts'ebetso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, li-overlay tsa AR li lumella baithuti ho bona matšoao a bohlokoa a anatomic lits'ebetsong tsa nako ea sebele, ho ntlafatsa temoho ea sebaka le ho nepahala. Ts'ebeliso ea litsamaiso tsena e tsamaisana le molao-motheo oa 3R (nka sebaka, fokotsa, ntlafatsa), ho fokotsa tlhoko ea ts'ebeliso ea liphoofolo tse phelang thutong ea ho buoa. Koetliso ea VR e boetse e fana ka menyetla ea tlhahlobo ea bokhoni bo tloaelehileng. Litekanyo tsa ts'ebetso tse kang nako ea ho tsamaea, ho nepahala ha ho sebetsana le lisele, le sekhahla sa ho phethela ts'ebetso li ka lekanngoa, ho lumella tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea bokhoni ba baithuti. Mokhoa ona o tsamaisoang ke data joale o kenyelletsoa mananeong a setifikeiti sa opereishene ea liphoofolo.
3.5Endoscopy e hole le Kopanyo ea Leru:Ho kopanngoa ha telemedicine le endoscopy ho emela tsoelo-pele e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa tlhahlobong ea bongaka ba liphoofolo. Endoscopy ea hole, ka phetiso ea video ea nako ea sebele, e nolofalletsa pono ea hole, puisano le tataiso ea litsebi nakong ea lits'ebetso ka seqo. Sena se molemo haholo libakeng tsa mahaeng le tse futsanehileng moo phihlello ea litsebi e fokolang (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025). Ka nts'etsopele ea inthanete e potlakileng le mahlale a puisano a 5G, phetiso ea data e se nang latency e lumella lingaka tsa liphoofolo ho batla maikutlo a litsebi tse hole maemong a bohlokoa. Li-platform tsa polokelo ea litšoantšo le tlhahlobo tse thehiloeng marung li eketsa ts'ebeliso ea data ea endoscopic. Mekhoa e rekotiloeng e ka bolokoa, ea ngoloa, 'me ea arolelanoa marang-rang a bongaka ba liphoofolo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lithaka kapa thuto e tsoelang pele. Litsamaiso tsena li boetse li kopanya liprothokholi tsa ts'ireletso ea inthanete le netefatso ea blockchain ho boloka botšepehi ba data le lekunutu la bareki, e leng habohlokoa bakeng sa lirekoto tsa kliniki.
3.6Endoscopy ea Capsule ea Video ea Nako ea 'Nete (RT-VCE):Tsoelo-pele ea morao tjena theknolojing ea litšoantšo e lebisitse ho kenyelletsong ea video capsule endoscopy (VCE), mokhoa o sa keneleng habonolo o nolofalletsang tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mucosa ea mala. Real-time video capsule endoscopy (RT-VCE) e emela tsoelo-pele e 'ngoe, e lumellang pono e tsoelang pele, ea nako ea sebele ea tsela ea mala ho tloha ho esophagus ho ea rectum ho sebelisoa capsule e se nang mohala. RT-VCE e felisa tlhoko ea anesthesia, e fokotsa likotsi tsa ts'ebetso, 'me e ntlafatsa boiketlo ba mokuli, ha e ntse e fana ka litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa bokaholimo ba mucosal, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe ke Jang et al. (2025). Ho sa tsotellehe tšebeliso ea eona e pharaletseng merianeng ea batho.
Re thabetse ho arolelana tsoelo-pele le lits'ebetso tsa morao-rao ho endoscopy ea bongaka ba liphoofolo. Jwalo ka moetsi oa Chaena, re fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa tsa endoscopy ho tšehetsa tšimo.
Rona, Jiangxi Zhuoruihua Medical Instrument Co.,Ltd., ke moetsi Chaena ea ikhethang ka lintho tse sebelisoang tsa endoscopic, ho kenyeletsoa le Endotherapy Series joalo kali-forceps tsa biopsy, hemoclip, leraba la polyp, nale ea sclerotherapy, katheter e fafalitsoeng,borashe ba cytology, terata ea tataiso, baskete ea ho lata majoe, cathete ea drainage ea nasal biliary jjtse sebelisoang haholo hoEMR, ESD, ERCP.
Lihlahisoa tsa rona li na le setifikeiti sa CE 'me li na le tumello ea FDA 510K, 'me lifeme tsa rona li na le setifikeiti sa ISO. Thepa ea rona e rometsoe Europe, Amerika Leboea, Bochabela bo Hare le karolo ea Asia, 'me e fumana kananelo le thoriso ho bareki haholo!
Nako ea poso: Mmesa-03-2026